雅思阅读材料两则

睡的越香越有钱?

There are two conflicting stereotypes when it comes to the activity levels of the wealthy.
在富人爱不爱睡觉这个问题上，人们心目中存在着两种相互冲突的答案。
There is the populist version: the fat cat sitting lazily on his yacht or Palm Beach, Fla., veranda. Then there is the conservative version: the hyper-kinetic workaholic that would rather dream of new business than sleep.
首先一个是遭劳苦大众忿恨的形象：肥猫一只，懒懒地坐在游艇上或佛罗里达州棕榈滩的屋前廊下。然后有一个正面一点的形象：安定不下来的工作狂，宁愿盘算新的业务也不愿意睡上一觉。
Neither is a complete portrait; both exist in reality. But a new study suggests the affluent may, overall, be better rested than the rest of America.
这两个版本都不完整，在现实生活中，两种情形都是存在的。但从一项新的研究来看，富足的人们在总体上可能要比其他美国人休息得更好。
A new Gallup-Healthways survey found that 28% of individuals with incomes of 90,000 or more said they didn't feel well-rested yesterday. That is below than the 35% of those with incomes of less than 24,000.
盖洛普公司(Gallup Organization, Inc.)和健康管理公司Healthways的联合调查发现，年收入不少于9万美元的人群中，有28%的人说自己感觉昨天没有休息好。而年收入低于2.4万元的人群中，这一比例是35%。
What explains the difference? The nonwealthy probably stay up at night worrying about money. "Any of a wide range of factors that are correlated with income could have influenced lower income Americans' reports of not feeling well-rested the day before the survey," the report says. "These factors include, among others, greater daily stress, greater financial worry, lower job satisfaction, and poorer physical health compared with wealthier respondents."
出现这种差别的原因何在呢？或许是因为不富裕的人为钱发愁而睡不着觉。报告说，与收入有关的诸多因素中的任何一项，都可能导致美国低收入者表示感觉调查前没有休息好；这些因素包括日常心理压力加大，财务上的担忧加重，工作满意度下降，身体健康比不上更加富裕的受访者，等等。
Still, I'm not sure the data would hold if it went higher up the wealth ladder. From my reporting, the very rich can be just as stressed out and sleepless than the merely affluent-if not more so, what with all those companies to run, people to manage, bills to pay, charities to support, homes to keep up and feckless cousins to bail out.
但如果调查所考察人群沿着财富阶梯上移，我不知道上述数据是否还会成立。从我的报道来看，极富有人群的压力和失眠程度和小康人士相当，甚至可能更严重，因为有那么多公司要运营，那么多人要管理，账单要支付，慈善事业要支持，家庭要维持，没出息的老表也得帮上一把。
Not that we should pity their high-price hyperactivity. But, I don't think more money necessarily leads to more rest.
并不是说我们应该可怜他们高价换来的这种不安宁。我只是觉得，钱越多并不一定就休息得越好。
Do you think the wealthy are better rested?
你觉得富人睡得更多更香吗？

印象很难被改变？

First impressions are hard to dislodge, new research finds. The good news is that people's snap judgments about others tend to be accurate.
Two new studies presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology in Austin, Texas, reveal that people both have a hard time getting over the first thing they know about someone, and that they're actually pretty good at judging a book by its cover.
"Despite the well-known idiom to 'not judge a book by its cover,' the present research shows that such judgments about the cover are good proxies for judgments about the book — even after reading it," Vivian Zayas, a psychologist at Cornell University, said in a statement.
Zayas and her colleagues asked participants to view a photograph of a person and make a snap judgment about how he or she would feel about that person if they interacted.
More than a month later, the participant and the person in the photo did actually interact. People's predictions of how much they'd like the person in the photo were surprisingly accurate, Zayas and her colleagues report.
On the other hand, no one can be right about everything. Psychologist Nicholas Rule of the University of Toronto and colleagues wanted to know what happens when initial information about a person conflicts with new discoveries that come out as they get to know each other.
To test the question, the researchers took advantage of real-life gaydar: On average, people are able, with about 65 percent accuracy, to tell from a person's face whether they are gay or straight.
The researchers asked participants to look at pictures of both gay and straight men. In half of cases, the photos were labeled with the person's correct sexual orientation. In the other half, the label was wrong, saying that a straight man was gay or vice versa.
Next, the participants had to take a computer quiz, correctly recalling whether each man was gay or straight, according to the labels. They saw each face come up on screen and had to answer correctly for every single photograph three times. If they made a single mistake, they had to start all over again.
"By the end, they really knew who was gay and who was straight," Rule told Live Science.
The twist, Rule said, was that the participants were given different amounts of time to see the faces in the quiz section. Some went through the pictures at their own pace; others had as little as a 20th of a second, the amount of time it takes people to judge sexual orientation from a face alone.
People who saw the faces for only a 20th of a second were more likely to go with their gut feeling on the person's sexuality — meaning they were likely to guess the person's real orientation instead of what the false labels said. People who had all the time they needed were more likely to answer according to the labels.
In a second experiment, the researchers replicated the findings with trustworthy and untrustworthy faces, matched with labels describing either trustworthy behavior like volunteering at a hospital or untrustworthy behavior like stealing. People remember untrustworthy faces and untrustworthy behavior better than they recall goodie-two-shoes, but the memory boost for the faces is stronger than for the behavior, Rule and his colleagues found.
The findings suggest that every time an individual sees another person, their initial snap judgments of them re-emerge, Rule said.
"Their face is a constant reminder to us of that initial impression," he said. With more time, people recover their knowledge of what they learned about the person, but first impressions remain very important and seem not to fade, he added. 
Other research has found that teachers who are introduced to certain students with assurances that these children will bloom by the end of the year focus more attention on those kids, essentially creating a self-fulfilling prophecy. Teachers also prefer students who are more attractive, and attractiveness predicts success in life.
"It goes to show that perhaps the opportunities that one gets in life can be very much shaped by one's face," Rule said.

新的研究发现，印象很难被改变。但是，人们的快速判断往往是准确的。
两项新研究的结果表明，人们对某人先入为主的初步判断很难发生改变。
研究中要求测试者们先看一个人的照片，然后预先判断如果跟这个人发生互动会有怎样的感觉。一个多月后，测试者们同照片中的人进行了互动，结果之前的预测惊人的准确。
多伦多大学的心理学家想知道，当事先知道的信息跟他们相互了解之后的新发现发生冲突时会怎样。为了找到这个问题的答案，研究者们对现实生活中的同性恋行为进行了研究。一般来说，人们可以通过观察一个人的脸来判断他到底是不是同性恋，而且准确率高达65%。
研究人员要求测试者看男同性恋和异性恋的照片。照片中有一半被贴上正确性取向的标签。另外一半标签确实错的，也就是说，照片是直男却贴的同性恋，反之亦然。接下来测试者们必须做个电脑测试，根据标签回忆照片上的人是同性恋还是异性恋。结果是他们真的知道每个人正确的性取向。
实验的重点是人们观察人脸所需要的时间。仅凭20秒观察人脸便断定性取向的人更有可能是靠着直觉做出判断。这意味着他们会猜出跟标签相反的真实性取向。用时过久的答案则可能来自标签。
在第二个实验中，研究人员对可信与不可信的面孔做了测试。照片相对应的标签描述的是类似在医院做志愿者这种靠得住的行为或是像偷窃这种靠不住的行为。人们记住相匹配的面孔和行为要比记住不匹配的面孔和行为容易得多，但是人们对面孔的记忆能力显然比对行为的记忆能力强。研究结果表明，每一次看到一个人时，对这些人最初的快速判断将会再次出现。

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