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ACCA FA合并财务报表：未实现利润

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发布时间：2021-08-06 14:41

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Adjustments for unrealised profits

Another common adjustment that you could be asked to deal with is the removal of unrealised profit.This arises when profits are made on intra-group trading and the related inventories have not subsequently been sold to customers outside the group.Until inventory is sold to entities outside the group,any profit is unrealised and should be eliminated from the consolidated financial statements.

The following illustration demonstrates this in the context of the consolidated statement of profit or loss.

Illustration(3)

Purple Co acquired 70%of the voting share capital of Silver Co on 1 October 20X1.

The following extracts are from the individual statements of profit or loss of the two companies for the year ended 30 September 20X2:

Answer

Even though this question requires an extract from the consolidated statement of profit or loss,the principle is still the same as Illustration(2)–consolidate the group as if it is a single economic entity by adding in 100%line by line,and showing group performance with all non-group entities.

Therefore,answer B would not be selected as it incorrectly adds 100%of Purple Co and only 70%of Silver Co.

The other adjustment that requires careful consideration is the intra-group trading.In the consolidated statement of profit or loss we must always consider two steps:

Has there been any intra-group trading during the year,irrespective of whether the goods are still included in inventory at the year end?

Do any of the items remain in inventory at the end of the year?

In this question,$5,000 of sales have been made from Purple Co selling to Silver Co.This must be eliminated,irrespective of whether the items remain unsold at the year end.This is because the consolidated statement of profit or loss needs to show revenue and cost of sales which reflect group performance with external,non-group,entities only.

The journal entry required to remove the intra-group sale would be:

Dr Revenue$5,000

Cr Cost of sales$5,000

Therefore,the consolidated revenue is simply calculated as:

$79,300+$29,900–$5,000=$104,200

The correct answer is D.

Had the question asked for the consolidated cost of sales figure,the next step would have been to identify the provision for unrealised profit(PUP).Note that although we refer to this as a provision,it is not a liability but an adjustment to the asset,inventory.Purple Co has made a profit of$1,000(calculated as revenue of$5,000–cost of$4,000).As only half of the items remain in inventory,the inventory value is overstated by half of that profit–that is,$500.Candidates should be aware that in many FA/FFA exam questions,you will be expected to calculate the profit made by using margins or mark-ups,which are not discussed here.

The consolidation adjustment required for this deals with the fact that the group has made a profit of$500 on items which have not been sold on to a third party/non-group entity.Effectively,if you did not make an adjustment for the PUP,the group would be recording a profit of$500 from selling inventory to itself.This inflates the value of the inventory held by the group in the statement of financial position and the profit in the statement of profit or loss.Remember,closing inventory is a component of cost of sales so the adjustment for PUP affects both the statement of profit or loss and the statement of financial position.

The adjustment required to eliminate this unrealised profit would be:

Dr Cost of sales$500

Cr Inventory(SOFP)$500

Therefore,the consolidated cost of sales would be calculated as:

$54,990+$17,940–$5,000+$500=$68,430

The PUP is added back to cost of sales,which eliminates the unrealised profit.(Effectively what you are doing is adjusting the closing inventory that is part of the cost of sales figure).

However,in this particular question,by reading the question carefully you will see that eliminating the unrealised profit was a red herring as we were simply being asked for the consolidated revenue.

Note:Answer A is incorrect,as although it correctly cancels the intra-group sale of$5,000,it incorrectly adds the$500 adjustment for unrealised profit to the revenue figure($79,300+$29,900–$5,000+$500=$104,700).

Answer C is also incorrect because it omits the cancelling of$5,000 sales and deals incorrectly with the provision for unrealised profit of$500($79,300+$29,900–$500=$108,700).

翻译参考

未实现利润

调整您可能需要处理的另一个常见调整是去除未实现利润。当集团内部交易产生利润且相关存货随后并未出售给集团外部客户时，就会出现这种情况。在向集团外实体出售存货之前，任何利润均未实现，应从合并财务报表中抵销。

下图在综合损益表的背景下显示了这一点。

插图（3）

Purple Co于20X1年10月1日收购Silver Co 70%的表决权股本。

以下摘录自两家公司截至20X2年9月30日止年度的个别损益表：

微信图片_20210806143422.png

回答

尽管这个问题需要从合并损益表中摘录，但原理仍与图例(2)相同——将集团合并为一个经济实体，按100%逐行添加，以及显示所有非集团实体的集团表现。【点击免费下载>>>更多ACCA学习相关资料】

因此，不会选择答案B，因为它错误地添加了100%的紫色Co和仅70%的Silver Co。

另一个需要慎重考虑的调整是集团内交易。在合并损益表中，我们必须始终考虑两个步骤：

不论年末是否仍计入存货，年内是否发生集团内交易？

是否有任何物品在年底时仍留在库存中？

在这个问题中，Purple Co向Silver Co出售了5,000美元的销售额。无论这些物品在年底是否仍未售出，都必须消除这一点。这是因为合并损益表仅需要显示反映集团外部非集团实体业绩的收入和销售成本。

删除集团内销售所需的日记帐分录为：

Dr收入$5,000

Cr销售成本$5,000

因此，合并收入的简单计算如下：

79,300美元+29,900美元–5,000美元=104,200美元

正确答案是D。

如果问题要求综合销售成本数字，下一步将是确定未实现利润(PUP)的准备金。请注意，虽然我们将其称为准备金，但它不是负债，而是对资产、存货的调整。Purple Co获得了1,000美元的利润（按收入5,000美元计算-成本为4,000美元）。由于只有一半的物品留在库存中，库存价值被该利润的一半夸大了——即500美元。考生应注意，在许多FA/FFA考试问题中，您将需要使用利润或加价来计算利润，此处未讨论。

为此，需要进行合并调整，因为集团在尚未出售给第三方/非集团实体的项目上获得了500美元的利润。实际上，如果您不对PUP进行调整，则该组将通过向自己出售库存记录500美元的利润。这夸大了集团在财务状况表中持有的存货价值和损益表中的利润。请记住，期末库存是销售成本的一个组成部分，因此PUP的调整会影响损益表和财务状况表。

消除此未实现利润所需的调整为：

Dr销售成本$500

Cr库存(SOFP)$500

因此，合并销售成本将计算为：

54,990美元+17,940美元–5,000美元+500美元=68,430美元

PUP被加回到销售成本中，从而消除了未实现的利润。（实际上，您正在做的是调整作为销售成本数据一部分的期末库存）。

然而，在这个特定的问题中，通过仔细阅读问题，您会发现消除未实现利润是一种转移注意力，因为我们只是被要求提供合并收入。

注意：答案A不正确，因为虽然它正确取消了5,000美元的集团内销售，但它错误地将未实现利润的500美元调整添加到收入数字中（79,300美元+29,900美元–5,000美元+500美元=104,700美元）。

答案C也是错误的，因为它省略了5,000美元销售额的取消，并且错误地处理了500美元的未实现利润准备金（79,300美元+29,900美元–500美元=108,700美元）。

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